Imagine that we have a server running RHEL 4 and our supervisor comes over and wants a 10 GB partition created for the data processing department. This is in addition to what the server currently has allocated, so we can either create a partition out of unpartitioned space on the existing disk (experienced Linux system administrators will leave unpartitioned disk space for future expansion) if available, or we can add another drive. This scenario actually happens quite frequently in the production world, so this is a valuable skill to have even if you administer nothing more than your home machines.
We'll assume that your supervisor has given you the latitude of deciding which of the above options you'll use, so your first task is to check to see if space is available on your existing media. We'll run "fdisk -l" to see the size of the disk; the data we need is on the first line of output.
[root@station17 ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 80000000000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9726 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 38 305203+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39 7687 61440592+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 7688 7942 2048287+ 82 Linux swap
From this we can see the size of our drive is 80.0 GB. Now, we'll use "df -h" to calculate the size of the partitions that are on our system. We only need to be concerned with the rows that have a device label, the others (labeled with "none") don't concern us. The column labeled "Size" has the numbers we'll need to add up to get a overall size.
[root@station17 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 58G 6.5G 49G 12% /
/dev/sda1 289M 17M 258M 6% /boot
none 1013M 0 1013M 0% /dev/shm
[root@station17 ~]#
From this, we can see that /dev/sda2 is 58G and /dev/sda1 is 289M - a total of 58.3GB. Now we need to add in our swap size; "cat /proc/swaps" will tell us what size our swap partition is.
[ If you feel like using an actual system utility for this, "swapon -s" will do the same thing. -- Ben ]
[root@station17 ~]# cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sda3 partition 2048276 0 -1
[root@station17 ~]#
Adding in the 2GB from this means that we have 19.7 GB to work with - well over what we need. Now, let's move on to creating our partition: "fdisk /dev/sda" will open our drive's partition table for modification. Since we're already using 3 partitions on the drive, we'll have to make our 4th one an extended one - a container to house any additional partitions, including the one we are creating now. We'll want to accept the defaults on this extended partition, which will make the whole rest of the drive available for our new partitions. We'll be using an ext3 filesystem, so we also need to keep this in mind: the "mkfs" command reserves 5% of the blocks for root. Given all that, we'll make our new partition 11.5GB to compensate for the blocks reserved for root plus a little extra.
[root@station17 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 9726.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e
Selected partition 4
First cylinder (7943-9726, default 7943):
Using default value 7943
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (7943-9726, default 9726):
Using default value 9726
Here you can see where I selected "n" for a new partition and "e" to make a extended partition. I then accepted the defaults for both the starting cylinder and again for the ending cylinder.
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (7943-9726, default 7943):
Using default value 7943
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (7943-9726, default 9726):.+11500M
Next, I hit "n" to create a new partition; then, when prompted to use a starting cylinder, I hit 'enter' to accept the default. For the ending cylinder I entered "+11500M" to specify the size. The plus is important - without it, you will get an error. Its a good idea to hit "p" to at this point to get "fdisk" to print the partition table. This will show what we have done before saving our changes.
Command (m for help):.p
Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 80000000000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9726 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 38 305203+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39 7687 61440592+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 7688 7942 2048287+ 82 Linux swap
/dev/sda4 7943 9726 14329980 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 7943 9341 11237436 83 Linux
If there are any mistakes just quit "fdisk" with a "q" and no changes will be saved. This looks right - so lets write our changes with a "w".
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table.
The new table will be used at the next reboot.
Syncing disks.
[root@station17 ~]#
This warning can be remedied by using the 'partprobe' command to force the kernel to reread the partition table. Remember - if this were a production machine, we wouldn't want to have to reboot it.
[root@station17 ~]# partprobe
At this point our 11.5G partition is /dev/sda5 and raw - it has neither a file system nor a label descriptor - so let's format it and give it a label. Giving the partition a label can be done at the same time that the file system is being created with the -L option, but I prefer to do it in a separate step.
[root@station17 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda5
mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
1406272 inodes, 2809359 blocks
140467 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2877292544
86 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16352 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@station17 ~]#
Now we'll give it label ("/data"):
[root@station17 ~]# e2label /dev/sda5 /data
[root@station17 ~]#
Next, we need to create a mount point in our filesystem and make sure that it's mounted at boot time. Let's create a directory on our system called /data.
[ The usual method of allocating new space is often much more complex than that - at least in the planning stages. In fact, creating a non-standard directory name in the root of the filesystem as suggested here is incorrect and violates the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). As an example of a more typical situation, if an administrator finds that a shared machine's drive is running out of room, he may first examine the machine to see where the most activity/space consumption is occuring. Assuming that it's in the space assigned to users (i.e., "/home"), he would most likely back up the data in that subdirectory, restore it to the newly-created partition, delete "/home", and mount the new partition as "/home". This would recover all the space used by the original "/home" and leave it available for the rest of the system to use - and most users would not even realize that any change had been made. This approach doesn't require rebooting the machine either. -- Ben ]
[ I do understand that the partitioning is inconsistent with the FHS, but our RedHat course materials do instruct us to create directories in / for simplicity and ease in the aid backups. We are also led by instruction to do things such as specialized partitioning schemes for different things this way here at the RedHat academy. -- Joey ]
[root@station17 ~]# mkdir /data
[root@station17 ~]#
Now we put it in the file system table, '/etc/fstab', so it gets mounted on every boot.
[root@station17 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
# This file is edited by fstab-sync - see 'man fstab-sync' for details
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/data /data ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/scd0 /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
I used the root partition as a guide in this sample. The label is in the first column, the mount point is in the second, then we have the file system type and the mount options. The last two numbers are the dump indicator and the fsck indicator; they determine when the system gets backed up if you're using 'dump', and when the system gets checked for errors. Basically, you can copy these numbers and options just as I have. Write your changes and exit the editor. Then, to make sure that there were no errors, run "mount -a" to mount all the partitions listed in /etc/fstab. Any errors would be reported at this point.
[root@station17 ~]# mount -a
Since we didn't get any errors, let's do a "df -h" and see how everything looks.
[root@station17 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 58G 6.6G 49G 12% /
/dev/sda1 289M 17M 258M 6% /boot
none 1013M 0 1013M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda5 11G 59M 10G 1% /data
[root@station17 ~]#
That's it - we are now ready to start using this new partition, keeping in mind we may have to modify permissions as needed for our users and groups. This is a very common task, one that all Linux users should become familiar with because you will almost certainly be faced with needing more room. This process is very similar to adding another disk - you would simply substitute your device labels as required.
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